Physical Geology – 2nd Edition by Steven Earle is under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, except where otherwise noted. The following materials have been included in this text but are under licences with additional restrictions.

All rights reserved

Permission to include All Rights Reserved pieces has been granted for non-commercial purposes in this open textbook by the copyright holders. If you plan to adapt any content including these pieces, please reconfirm permission with the copyright holders or remove them from your version.

• Figure 1.2.1: Debris flow in North Vancouver. © The Province. (Chapter 1.2 Why Study Earth?)
• Figure 4.3.4: Original image © Pringle, 1993. Modified by Steve Earle.
• Figure 4.4.3: August 2010 Mt. Meager landslide, BC © Mika McKinnon.
• Figure 4.5.1: Photo by Cathie Hickson.
• Figure 5.4.4: Image © Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development.
• Figure 5.4.5: Image © Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development.
• Figure 5.5.1: Image © Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan.
• Figure 6.2.8: Photo courtesy of PotashCorp.
• Figure 9.1.8: “P-wave Tomography” by D. Zhao, Y. Xu, D.A. Wiens, L. Dorman, J. Hildebrand, and S. Webb. (Science, p. 278, 254-257, 1997)
• Figure 11.0.1: “Courtenay B.C., Damage to interior of Elementary School” by Earthquakes Canada.
• Figure 11.3.4: “Vancouver Island, British Columbia June 23, 1946 – Magnitude 7.3,” © National Resources Canada.
• Figure 13.2.3: Image by Metro Vancouver.
• Figure 13.2.10: Image by Marie Betcher.
• Figure 14.4.2: “Distribution of Arsenic” by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE). Reproduced with the permission of the British Geological Survey © UKRI.
• Figure 14.4.3: Image from Newton, P. and Gilchrist, A. 2010. Technical summary of intrinsic vulnerability mapping methods of Vancouver Island, Vancouver Island Water Resources Vulnerability Mapping Project, Vancouver Island University, 45pp.
• Figure 15.1.6: © The Province.
• Figure 16.1.2: © Root Routledge. Adapted by Steven Earle.
• Figure 16.4.7: “Esker on a morainal plain” © Canadian Soil Information Service (CANSIS).
• Figure 17.0.1: Image by Todd Byrnes. © Chesterman Beach B & B.
• Figure 17.2.4: Image by Dr. David Murphy.
• Figure 19.0.1: “199-1220B-20X-2“ © Ocean Drilling Program. Adapted by Steven Earle.
• Figure 21.1.3: “Geological Map of Canada” by J. O. Wheeler, P. F. Hoffman, K. D. Card, A. Davidson, B. V. Sanford, A. V. Okulitch, and W. R. Roest. The Government of Canada retains the copyright of this image but allows for reproduction for non-commercial use.
• Figure 21.2.1: “Geological Map of Canada” by J. O. Wheeler, P. F. Hoffman, K. D. Card, A. Davidson, B. V. Sanford, A. V. Okulitch, and W. R. Roest. The Government of Canada retains the copyright of this image but allows for reproduction for non-commercial use.
• Figure 21.2.3: “Geological Map of Canada” by J. O. Wheeler, P. F. Hoffman, K. D. Card, A. Davidson, B. V. Sanford, A. V. Okulitch, and W. R. Roest. The Government of Canada retains the copyright of this image but allows for reproduction for non-commercial use. Image edited by Steven Earle.

Permission from Google

The following images are used with permission from Google, which allows for non-commercial use.

• Figure 4.4.4, 4.6.2, 11.5.3, 15.2.3, 21.5.10

CC BY-NC

• Figure 2.0.1 (right): Opal beads. © Mineralogy Division, Geological and Planetary Sciences, Caltech. (Chapter 2 Minerals)
• Figure 22 B: “Oort Cloud” © Randall Munroe. CC BY-NC.

CC BY-SA

• Figure 2.1.1: Helium Atom QM. © Yzmo.
• Figure 2.2.6 (left): Halite. © Rob Lavinsky, iRocks.com.
• Figure 2.6.4b: Pyrite cubic crystals on marlstone © Carles Millan.
• Figure 2.6.4c: Almandine garnet © Eurico Zimbres (FGEL/UERJ) and Tom Epaminondas (mineral collector).
• Figure 4.2.3: Champagne uncorking photographed with a high speed air-gap flash © Niels Noordhoek.
• Figure 4.3.16: “Ekati mine” © Jason Pineau.
• Figure 5.4.1: “SoilTexture USDA” © Mikenorton.
• Figure 5.4.3: Podzol © Ailith Stewart.
• Exercise 6.2 (first image): Aplite Red © Rudolf Pohl.
• Figure 6.2.6: © Andre Karwath.
• Figure 6.3.1: Schematic diagram showing types of depositional environment © Mike Norton.
• Figure 7.2.4c: Schist detail © Michael C. Rygel.
• Figure 7.5.4: 00031 6 cm grossular calcite augite skarn © Siim.
• Figure 8.4.6 (left): “Zircon microscope” © Chd.
• Figure 9.0.1 (right): Elbogen meteorite, 8.9g © John Taylor.
• Figure 9.3.1: “Earths Magnetic Field Confusion” © TStein.
• Figure 9.4.4: “Silly putty dripping” © Eric Skiff.
• Figure 10.1.4: “Karoo Glaciation” © GeoPotinga. Adapted by Steven Earle.
• Figure 11.1.4: © Open University.
• Table 11.4: The modified Mercalli intensity scale © Wikipedia. Adapted by Steven Earle.
• Figure 12.3.10 (Bottom left): “Moab fault with vehicles for scale” © Andrew Wilson.
• Figure 13.1.1: “Water Cycle Blank” © Ingwik. Adapted by Steven Earle.
• Figure 13.4.5: “Nowitna river” by Oliver Kumis.
• Figure 13.5.3: Left image: “Rednorthfloodwaymap” © Kmusser.
• Figure 13.5.5: “Riverfront Ave Calgary Flood” © Ryan L. C. Quan.
• Figure 13.5.5: “Okotoks – June 20, 2013 – Flood waters in local campground playground-03” © Stephanie N. Jones.
• Figure 16.3.3: “Woodf1a” © Keefer4.
• Figure 16.3.10: “Peyto Lake Panorama 2006” © chensiyuan.
• Figure 17.4.2: “Post-Glacial Sea Level” © Robert A. Rohde.
• Figure 18.2.2: “Age of oceanic lithosphere” © National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Adapted by Steven Earle.
• Figure 18.3.4 (Left): “Gashydrat im Sediment” © Wusel007.
• Figure 18.4.2: “WOA09 sea-surf SAL AYool” © Plumbago.
• Figure 18.4.4: “WOA09 sea-surf TMP AYool” © Plumbago.
• Figure 18.4.6: “Newfoundland Iceberg just off Exploits Island” © Shawn.
• Figure 19.1.10: “Clearcutting-Oregon” © Calibas.
• Figure 20.0.2: “Ipad Air” © Zach Vega. Adapted by Steven Earle.
• Figure 20.0.3: “Ballpoint pen parts” by unknown.
• Figure 20.1.2: “Vale Nickel Mine” © Timkal.
• Figure 20.1.5: “Bestand: Black-band ironstone” © Aka.
• Figure 20.3.5: “Sedimentary basin analysis” © AAPG. Based on data from Lovely and Ruggiero.
• Figure 20.3.8: “HydroFrac2” © Mikenorton. Adapted by Steven Earle.
• Figure 20A (left): “Spiral CFL Bulb 2010-03-08 (white black)” © Sun Ladder.
• Figure 20A (right): “Elektronstarterp” © Anton.
• Figure 21.2.2: “Acasta gneiss” © Pedroalexandrade.
• Figure 21.2.4: “Tasmania simple geology map” © Graeme Bartlett. CC BY-SA.
• Figure 21.4.5: “Mt Rae Alberta Canada aerial1” by Kevin lenz.
• Figure 21.4.13: “Dinosaur park formation fauna” by J.T. Csotonyi.
• Figure 21.5.6: “Paskapoo Mudstones Red Deer” by Georgialh.

CC BY-NC-ND

• Figure 19.3.8: WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes, 2014.